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Creating tracks in the snow in Unreal Engine 4


If you are playing modern AAA games, you may have noticed a tendency to use snow-covered landscapes. For example, they are in Horizon Zero Dawn , Rise of the Tomb Raider and God of War . In all these games, snow has an important feature: you can leave traces on it!

Due to this interaction with the environment, the player is immersed in the game. It makes the environment more realistic, and let's be honest - it's just interesting. Why spend long hours creating a curious mechanic if you can just let a player fall to the ground and make snow angels?

In this tutorial you will learn the following:


Note: it is understood that you already know the basics of working with the Unreal Engine. If you are a beginner, then study our series of Unreal Engine tutorials for beginners .

Getting Started


Download materials for this tutorial. Unzip them, go to SnowDeformationStarter and open SnowDeformation.uproject . In this tutorial we will create footprints using a character and several boxes.


Before we begin, you need to know that the method from this tutorial will only save traces in a given area, and not around the world, because the speed depends on the resolution of the target render.

For example, if we want to store traces for a large area, we will have to increase the resolution. But it also increases the effect of capturing the scene on the speed of the game and the amount of memory under the target render. For optimization it is necessary to limit the scope and resolution.

Having dealt with this, let's find out what is needed to implement the tracks in the snow.

The implementation of traces in the snow


The first thing you need to create traces is the target render . The target render will be a mask in grayscale, in which white indicates the presence of a trace, and black indicates its absence. Then we can project the target render to the ground and use it to blend textures and offset vertices.


The second thing we need is a way of masking only the objects affecting the snow. This can be accomplished by first rendering objects in Custom Depth . You can then use scene capture with the post process material to mask all objects rendered in Custom Depth. Then you can bring the mask to the target render.

Note: scene capture is essentially a camera with the ability to output the target render.

The most important part of capturing a scene is its location. Below is an example of a target render captured from a top view . Here are masked by a third-person character and boxes.


At first glance, the capture from the top view suits us. Forms look like meshes, so there shouldn't be any problems, right?

Not really. The problem of capturing from the top view is that it does not capture anything under the widest point. Here is an example:


Imagine that the yellow arrows go all the way to the ground. In the case of a cube and a cone, the point of the arrow will always remain inside the object. However, in the case of a sphere, the points coming out of it when approaching the earth. But according to the camera, the point is always inside the sphere. Here's what the sphere will look like for the camera:


Therefore, the mask of the sphere will be larger than it should, even if the area of ​​contact with the earth is small.

In addition, this problem is complemented by the fact that it is difficult for us to determine whether the object is related to the earth.


To cope with both of these problems, you can use the capture from below .

Bottom grip


The bottom grip looks like this:


As you can see, the camera now captures the bottom side, that is, the one that touches the ground. This eliminates the problem of the “widest area” appearing when captured from above.

To determine whether an object touches the ground, you can use post-processing material to perform depth checks. It checks whether the depth of the object is greater than the depth of the earth and below its specified displacement. If both conditions are met, then we can mask this pixel.


Below is an example inside the engine with a capture zone 20 units above the ground. Notice that a mask appears only when an object passes through a certain point. Also note that the mask becomes whiter as the object approaches the ground.


To begin, create a post-processing material to perform a depth check.

Creating Depth Verification Material


To perform a depth check, you need to use two depth buffers - one for the ground, the other for objects affecting the snow. Since the capture of the scene sees only the ground, the Scene Depth will display the depth for the ground. To get the depth for objects, we will simply render them with Custom Depth .

Note: to save time, I have already rendered character and drawers in Custom Depth. If you want to add other snow-affecting objects, then you must enable the Render CustomDepth Pass for them.

First, you need to calculate the distance of each pixel to the ground. Open Materials \ PP_DepthCheck and create the following:


Next, you need to create a capture zone. To do this, add the selected nodes:


Now if a pixel is within 25 units of the ground, then it will appear in the mask. The brightness of the masking depends on how close the pixel is to the ground. Click on Apply and return to the main editor.

Next you need to create a capture scene.

Creating a scene capture


First, we need a target render, in which we can record the capture of the scene. Navigate to the RenderTargets folder and create a new Render Target called RT_Capture .

Now let's create a capture scene. In this tutorial, we will add a scene capture to the blueprint, because later we will need a script for it. Open Blueprints \ BP_Capture and add Scene Capture Component 2D . Call it SceneCapture .


First we need to set the turn of the grip so that he looks at the ground. Go to the Details panel and set the Rotation values (0, 90, 90) .


Next comes the type of projection. Since the mask is a 2D representation of the scene, we need to get rid of perspective distortion. To do this, set the Projection \ Projection Type value to Orthographic .


Next, we need to tell the capture scene, in which target render to record. To do this, select the RT_Capture value for Scene Capture \ Texture Target .


Finally, we need to use depth checking material. Add PP_DepthCheck to Rendering Features \ Post Process Materials . For the post-processing to work, we also need to change the Scene Capture \ Capture Source to Final Color (LDR) in RGB .


Now that the scene capture is set, we need to specify the size of the capture area.

Set the size of the capture area


Since the target render is better to use low resolutions, we need to use the space effectively. That is, we must choose which area will cover one pixel. For example, if the resolution of the capture area and the target render are the same, then we get a 1: 1 ratio. Each pixel will cover an area of ​​1 × 1 (in world units).

For tracks on the snow, the 1: 1 ratio is not required, because we would probably not need such detailing. I recommend using larger ratios, because it will allow you to increase the size of the capture area at low resolution. But do not make the ratio too large, otherwise the details will be lost. In this tutorial, we will use an 8: 1 ratio, that is, the size of each pixel will be 8 × 8 world units.

You can change the size of the capture area by changing the Scene Capture \ Ortho Width property. For example, if you want to capture the area of ​​1024 × 1024, then set the value to 1024. Since we use an 8: 1 ratio, set the value to 2048 (the resolution resolution of the target render is 256 × 256 by default).


This means that capturing a scene will capture an area of 2048 × 2048 . It is approximately 20 × 20 meters.

The material of the earth also needs access to the size of the grip for proper projection of the target render. The easiest way to do this is to keep the capture size in the Material Parameter Collection . In essence, this is a collection of variables that any material can access.

Capture size preservation


Return to the main editor and go to the Materials folder. Create a Material Parameter Collection that will be in Materials & Textures . Rename it to MPC_Capture and open it.

Then create a new Scalar Parameter and name it CaptureSize . Do not worry about setting its value - we will deal with this in blueprints.


Go back to BP_Capture and add selected nodes to Event BeginPlay . Select MPC_Capture for the Collection , and CaptureSize for the Parameter Name .


Now any material can get the Ortho Width value by reading it from the CaptureSize parameter. So far, with the capture of the scene, we are finished. Click on Compile and return to the main editor. The next step is to project the target render to the ground and use it to deform the landscape.

Landscape deformation


Open M_Landscape and go to the Details panel. Then set the following properties:



After enabling tessellations, World Displacement and Tessellation Multiplier will turn on.


Tessellation Multipler controls the amount of tessellation. In this tutorial, we will not connect this node, that is, we use the default value ( 1 ).

World Displacement receives a vector value that describes in which direction and how far to move the vertex. To calculate the value for this contact, we need to first project the target render to the ground.

Projecting the target render


To project the target renderer, you need to calculate its UV coordinates. To do this, create the following scheme:


What's going on here:

  1. First we need to get the position on the XY of the current vertex. Since we are capturing from the bottom, the X coordinate is inverted, so it is necessary to flip it back (if we were capturing from above, we would not need it).
  2. In this part, two tasks are performed. First, it centers the target render in such a way that its middle is in the coordinates (0, 0) of the world space. It then converts the coordinates from world space to UV space.

Next, create the selected nodes and combine the previous calculations as shown below. For Texture Texture Sample, select the RT_Capture value.


This will project the target render to the ground. However, all vertices outside the capture region will sample the edges of the target render. This is actually a problem, because the target render should only be used for vertices within the capture area. Here is how it looks in the game:


To fix this, we need to mask all UVs that are outside the range from 0 to 1 (that is, the capture area). For this, I created the function MF_MaskUV0-1 . It returns 0 if the transmitted UV is outside the range from 0 to 1 and returns 1 if within it. Multiplying the result by the target render, we do the masking.

Now that we have projected the target render, we can use it to mix colors and offset vertices.

Using target render


Let's start by mixing colors. To do this, we simply connect 1-x with Lerp :


Note: if you do not understand why I use 1-x , I will explain - it is necessary to invert the target renderer so that the calculations become a little easier.

Now that we have a track, the color of the earth turns brown. If there is no color, it remains white.

The next step is to move the vertices. To do this, add the selected nodes and connect everything as follows:


This will lead to the fact that all snow areas will move up by 25 units. Areas without snow have zero offset, thereby creating a footprint.

Note: You can change the DisplacementHeight to increase or decrease the level of snow. Also note that DisplacementHeight is the same value as the capture offset. When they have the same value, it gives us an exact deformation. But there are cases when it is necessary to change them separately, so I left them with separate parameters.

Click on Apply and return to the main editor. Create an instance of BP_Capture at the level and give it coordinates (0, 0, -2000) to place it underground. Click on Play and wander around using the W , A , S and D keys to warp the snow.


Deformation works, but there is no trace! This happened because the capture overwrites the target render each time the capture is performed. We need some way to make traces permanent .

Creating permanent tracks


To create persistence, we need another target render ( constant buffer ), in which all the contents of the capture will be saved before overwriting. Then we will add a permanent buffer to the capture (after rewriting it). We get a cycle in which each target render writes to another. This is how we create the permanence of the tracks.


First, we need to create a permanent buffer.

Creating a permanent buffer


Navigate to the RenderTargets folder and create a new Render Target called RT_Persistent . In this tutorial, we will not have to change the texture parameters, but in your own project you will need to make sure that both target renders use the same resolution.

Next, we need a material that will copy the capture to a permanent buffer. Open Materials \ M_DrawToPersistent and add a Texture Sample node. Select the RT_Capture texture for it and connect it as follows:


Now we need to use the draw material. Click Apply , and then open BP_Capture . First, create a dynamic copy of the material (later we will need to transfer values ​​to it). Add selected nodes to Event BeginPlay :


Clear Render Target 2D nodes clear each target render before use.

Then open the DrawToPersistent function and add the selected nodes:


Next, we need to make the rendering to a permanent buffer be performed in each frame, because the capture occurs in each frame. To do this, add DrawToPersistent to the Event Tick .


Finally, we need to add a constant buffer back to the target render capture.

Record back to capture


Click on Compile and open PP_DepthCheck . Then add the selected nodes. For Texture Sample, set the value of RT_Persistent :


Now that the target renders write to each other, we’ll get traces remaining. Click on Apply , and then close the material. Click on Play and start leaving tracks!


The result looks great, but the resulting scheme only works for one area of ​​the map. If you go beyond the capture area, the traces will cease to appear.


You can solve this problem by moving the capture area along with the player. This means that the tracks will always appear around the area in which the player is located.

Note: as the capture moves, all information outside the capture scope is retracted. This means that if you return to the area where there were already traces, they will disappear. In the next tutorial, I will explain how to create partially conserved traces.

Move Capture


It can be decided that it is sufficient to simply bind the XY capture position to the XY player position. But if you do this, then the target render will begin to blur. This happens because we move the target render in increments that are smaller than a pixel. When this happens, the new pixel position is between the pixels. As a result, several pixels are interpolated by one pixel. Here's what it looks like:


To fix this problem, we need to move the grab in discrete steps. We calculate the pixel size in the world , and then move the capture to steps equal to that size. Then each pixel will never be between the others, so the blur will not appear.

To begin, let's create a parameter in which the capture location will be stored. He will need the earth material to perform the projection calculations. Open MPC_Capture and add a Vector Parameter called CaptureLocation .


Next, you need to update the ground material to use the new parameter. Close MPC_Capture and open M_Landscape . Modify the first part of the projection calculation as follows:


Now the target render will always be projected onto the capture location. Click on Apply and close the material.

Next, we will make the capture move in a discrete step.

Moving Capture in Discrete Pitch


To calculate the size of a pixel in the world, you can use the following equation:

(1 / RenderTargetResolution) * CaptureSize

To calculate the new position, we use the equation shown below for each position component (in our case, for the X and Y coordinates).

 (floor(Position / PixelWorldSize) + 0.5) * PixelWorldSize

Now use them in capture blueprint. To save time, I created the macro SnapToPixelWorldSize for the second equation. Open BP_Capture , and then open the MoveCapture function. Next, create the following scheme:


It will calculate the new location, and then keep the difference between the new and the current location in MoveOffset . If you use a resolution other than 256 × 256, then change the highlighted value.

Next, add the selected nodes:


This scheme will move the grab with the calculated offset. It will then save the new capture location in MPC_Capture so that it can be used by the earth material.

Finally, we need to perform a position update in each frame. Close the function and add an Event Tick in front of DrawToPersistent MoveCapture .


The capture move is only half the solution. We also need to move the constant buffer. Otherwise, the capture and constant buffer will be out of sync and will create weird results.


Move permanent buffer


To shift the constant buffer, we need to pass the calculated displacement offset. Open M_DrawToPersistent and add the selected nodes:


Due to this, the constant buffer will shift by the amount of the transferred offset. As in the material of the earth, we need to turn the X coordinate and disguise it. Click on Apply and close the material.

Then you need to pass the offset. Open BP_Capture , and then open the DrawToPersistent function. Next, add the selected nodes:


So we convert the MoveOffset to a UV space, and then transfer it to the drawing material.

Click on Compile , and then close the blueprint. Click on Play and run your best! No matter how far you run, there will always be traces around you.


Where to go next?


The finished project can be downloaded from here.

It is not necessary to use traces created in this tutorial only for snow. You can even apply them to things like crushed grass (in the next tutorial I will show how to create an advanced version of the system).

If you want to work with landscapes and target renderers, I recommend watching the video of Chris Murphy Building High-End Gameplay Effects with Blueprint . From this tutorial you will learn how to create a huge laser that burns earth and grass!

Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/416703/

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